Moon Welfare Foundation

Design of Control Unit Control unit generates timing and control signals for the operations of the computer. The control unit communicates with ALU and main memory. It also controls the transmission between processor, memory and the various peripherals. It also instructs the ALU which operation has to be performed on data. CU functions are as follows: Controls sequential instruction execution Interprets instructions Guides data flow through different computer areas Regulates and controls processor timing Sends and receives control signals from other computer devices Handles multiple tasks, such as fetching, decoding, execution handling and storing results Control unit can be designed by two methods which are given below: Hardwired Control Unit It is implemented with the help of gates, flip flops, decoders etc. in the hardware. The inputs to control unit are the instruction register, flags, timing signals etc. This organization can be very complicated if we...

The  main difference  between machine code and assembly language is that the  machine code is a language that consists of binaries that can be directly executed by a computer while an assembly language is a low-level programming language that requires a software called an  assembler  to convert it into machine code. Programmers write computer programs using  programming languages . A program is a set of instructions to perform a specific task. Mainly, there are three categories of programming languages as high-level programming languages, assembly language and machine code. Here, humans can easily understand the high-level languages whereas the computers can easily understand the machine code. On the other hand, assembly language is a language between high-level languages and machine code. What is Machine Code A programmer writes computer programs using high-level programming languages. These languages have a simple and easily understandable...

Single Accumulator based CPU organization The computers, present in the early days of computer history, had accumulator based CPUs. In this type of CPU organization, the accumulator register is used implicitly for processing all instructions of a program and store the results into the accumulator. The instruction format that is used by this CPU Organisation is  One address field . Due to this the CPU is known as  One Address Machine . The main points about Single Accumulator based CPU Organisation are: In this CPU Organization, the first ALU operand is always stored into the Accumulator and the second operand is present either in Registers or in the Memory. Accumulator is the default address thus after data manipulation the results are stored into the accumulator. One address instruction is used in this type of organization. The format of instruction is: Opcode + Address Opcode indicates the type of operation to be performed. Mainly two types of operation are pe...

Computer Architecture: Input/Output Organisation In this tutorial we will learn about how Input and Output is handled in a computer system. Input/Output Subsystem The I/O subsystem of a computer provides an efficient mode of communication between the central system and the outside environment. It handles all the input-output operations of the computer system. Peripheral Devices Input or output devices that are connected to computer are called  peripheral devices . These devices are designed to read information into or out of the memory unit upon command from the CPU and are considered to be the part of computer system. These devices are also called  peripherals . For example:  Keyboards ,  display units  and  printers  are common peripheral devices. There are three types of peripherals: Input peripherals  : Allows user input, from the outside world to the computer. Example: Keyboard, Mouse etc. Output peripherals : Allows info...

Memory Organization in Computer Architecture A memory unit is the collection of storage units or devices together.  Main memory  refers to physical  memory  that is internal to the computer. The word  main  is used to distinguish it from external mass storage devices such as disk drives. Other terms used to mean  main memory  include RAM and  primary storage. The computer can manipulate only data that is in main memory . A memory unit is the collection of storage units or devices together. The memory unit stores the binary information in the form of bits. Generally, memory/storage is classified into 2 categories: Volatile Memory : This loses its data, when power is switched off. Non-Volatile Memory : This is a permanent storage and does not lose any data when power is switched off. Memory Hierarchy The total memory capacity of a computer can be visualized by hierarchy of components. The memory hierarchy system cons...