IC

An IC is a small wafer, usually made of silicon, that can hold anywhere from hundreds to millions of transistors, resistors, and capacitors. These extremely small electronics can perform calculations and store data using either digital or analog technology.
Digital ICs use logic gates, which work only with values of ones and zeros. A low signal sent to to a component on a digital IC will result in a value of 0, while a high signal creates a value of 1. Digital ICs are the kind you will usually find in computers, networking equipment, and most consumer electronics.
An IC consists of interconnected transistors, capacitors, resistors, diodes etc. These components are interconnected with an external connecting terminals contained in a small package.Logic functions, such as AND, OR and NOT, are essential in building functionality for modern digital systems.

Classification of ICs (Integrated Circuits)

Below is the classification of different types of ICs basis on their chip size.
  • SSI: Small scale integration. 3 – 30 gates per chip.
  • MSI: Medium scale integration. 30 – 300 gates per chip.
  • LSI: Large scale integration. 300 – 3,000 gates per chip.
  • VLSI: Very large scale integration. More than 3,000 gates per chip.

modern digital circuits might contain ten billion transistors. You can see how difficult it is to build such circuits by combining transistors. A practical approach is to use ICs that combine a small or large number of transistors and/or other electronic components on one tiny chip to achieve a particular functionality. This functionality can be as simple as a basic logic function, such as a NOT function, or as complicated as a microprocessor.
The semiconductor circuit is encapsulated in a plastic casing and it is connected to the outer space by metal pins as shown in Figure 


Figure 2 shows the internal structure of the 4011 NAND IC. ICs are distinguished by a combination of characters and/or numbers. For example, Intel has fabricated different microprocessors and named them using different schemes. Pentium is the name of one of these processors. In fact, it is the name of the plastic case that contains the semiconductor logic circuit that composes the processor. Previously, Intel used numbers to name its processors, such as 8086 or 80286 and sometimes it used a combination of digits and letters, for example, 80386 SX and 80386 DX.
From Figure 2 we also know that the 4011 circuit contains 4 NAND gates and how they are connected to the external pins. We can always refer to datasheets to find this kind of information. Datasheets also provide more detailed information about the behavior of the IC.

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